全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2938篇 |
免费 | 230篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 18篇 |
2022年 | 13篇 |
2021年 | 69篇 |
2020年 | 51篇 |
2019年 | 54篇 |
2018年 | 58篇 |
2017年 | 44篇 |
2016年 | 73篇 |
2015年 | 143篇 |
2014年 | 165篇 |
2013年 | 178篇 |
2012年 | 276篇 |
2011年 | 231篇 |
2010年 | 153篇 |
2009年 | 128篇 |
2008年 | 201篇 |
2007年 | 176篇 |
2006年 | 152篇 |
2005年 | 137篇 |
2004年 | 117篇 |
2003年 | 105篇 |
2002年 | 99篇 |
2001年 | 41篇 |
2000年 | 23篇 |
1999年 | 23篇 |
1998年 | 20篇 |
1997年 | 9篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 17篇 |
1994年 | 10篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1991年 | 18篇 |
1990年 | 13篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 14篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 17篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 10篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 21篇 |
1978年 | 14篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 11篇 |
1975年 | 10篇 |
1974年 | 13篇 |
1973年 | 15篇 |
1968年 | 10篇 |
排序方式: 共有3170条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
Melinda A. Coleman Peter Butcherine Brendan P. Kelaher Matt K. Broadhurst Duane T. March Euan J. Provost Jamie David Kirsten Benkendorff 《Global Change Biology》2019,25(2):699-707
Climate change can affect marine and estuarine fish via alterations to their distributions, abundances, sizes, physiology and ecological interactions, threatening the provision of ecosystem goods and services. While we have an emerging understanding of such ecological impacts to fish, we know little about the potential influence of climate change on the provision of nutritional seafood to sustain human populations. In particular, the quantity, quality and/or taste of seafood may be altered by future environmental changes with implications for the economic viability of fisheries. In an orthogonal mesocosm experiment, we tested the influence of near‐future ocean warming and acidification on the growth, health and seafood quality of a recreationally and commercially important fish, yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis). The growth of yellowfin bream significantly increased under near‐future temperature conditions (but not acidification), with little change in health (blood glucose and haematocrit) or tissue biochemistry and nutritional properties (fatty acids, lipids, macro‐ and micronutrients, moisture, ash and total N). Yellowfin bream appear to be highly resilient to predicted near‐future ocean climate change, which might be facilitated by their wide spatio‐temporal distribution across habitats and broad diet. Moreover, an increase in growth, but little change in tissue quality, suggests that near‐future ocean conditions will benefit fisheries and fishers that target yellowfin bream. The data reiterate the inherent resilience of yellowfin bream as an evolutionary consequence of their euryhaline status in often environmentally challenging habitats and imply their sustainable and viable fisheries into the future. We contend that widely distributed species that span large geographic areas and habitats can be “climate winners” by being resilient to the negative direct impacts of near‐future oceanic and estuarine climate change. 相似文献
52.
Simon M. Smart Susan G. Jarvis Toshie Mizunuma Cristina Herrero‐Juregui Zhou Fang Adam Butler Jamie Alison Mike Wilson Robert H. Marrs 《Ecology and evolution》2019,9(22):12858-12868
Quantitative models play an increasing role in exploring the impact of global change on biodiversity. To win credibility and trust, they need validating. We show how expert knowledge can be used to assess a large number of empirical species niche models constructed for the British vascular plant and bryophyte flora. Key outcomes were (a) scored assessments of each modeled species and niche axis combination, (b) guidance on models needing further development, (c) exploration of the trade‐off between presenting more complex model summaries, which could lead to more thorough validation, versus the longer time these take to evaluate, (d) quantification of the internal consistency of expert opinion based on comparison of assessment scores made on a random subset of models evaluated by both experts. Overall, the experts assessed 39% of species and niche axis combinations to be “poor” and 61% to show a degree of reliability split between “moderate” (30%), “good” (25%), and “excellent” (6%). The two experts agreed in only 43% of cases, reaching greater consensus about poorer models and disagreeing most about models rated as better by either expert. This low agreement rate suggests that a greater number of experts is required to produce reliable assessments and to more fully understand the reasons underlying lack of consensus. While area under curve (AUC) statistics showed generally very good ability of the models to predict random hold‐out samples of the data, there was no correspondence between these and the scores given by the experts and no apparent correlation between AUC and species prevalence. Crowd‐sourcing further assessments by allowing web‐based access to model fits is an obvious next step. To this end, we developed an online application for inspecting and evaluating the fit of each niche surface to its training data. 相似文献
53.
Putra Rocky Waterman Jamie M. Mathesius Ulrike Wojtalewicz Dominika Powell Jeff R. Hartley Susan E. Johnson Scott N. 《Plant and Soil》2022,476(1-2):201-218
Plant and Soil - Root residues are an important factor influencing soil phosphorus (P) availability for crop uptake, but how the residues from different species combinations in sole cropping or... 相似文献
54.
Swan L. S. Sow Mark V. Brown Laurence J. Clarke Andrew Bissett Jodie van de Kamp Thomas W. Trull Eric J. Raes Justin R. Seymour Anna R. Bramucci Martin Ostrowski Philip W. Boyd Bruce E. Deagle Paula C. Pardo Bernadette M. Sloyan Levente Bodrossy 《Environmental microbiology》2022,24(5):2449-2466
We investigated the Southern Ocean (SO) prokaryote community structure via zero-radius operational taxonomic unit (zOTU) libraries generated from 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 223 full water column profiles. Samples reveal the prokaryote diversity trend between discrete water masses across multiple depths and latitudes in Indian (71–99°E, summer) and Pacific (170–174°W, autumn-winter) sectors of the SO. At higher taxonomic levels (phylum-family) we observed water masses to harbour distinct communities across both sectors, but observed sectorial variations at lower taxonomic levels (genus-zOTU) and relative abundance shifts for key taxa such as Flavobacteria, SAR324/Marinimicrobia, Nitrosopumilus and Nitrosopelagicus at both epi- and bathy-abyssopelagic water masses. Common surface bacteria were abundant in several deep-water masses and vice-versa suggesting connectivity between surface and deep-water microbial assemblages. Bacteria from same-sector Antarctic Bottom Water samples showed patchy, high beta-diversity which did not correlate well with measured environmental parameters or geographical distance. Unconventional depth distribution patterns were observed for key archaeal groups: Crenarchaeota was found across all depths in the water column and persistent high relative abundances of common epipelagic archaeon Nitrosopelagicus was observed in deep-water masses. Our findings reveal substantial regional variability of SO prokaryote assemblages that we argue should be considered in wide-scale SO ecosystem microbial modelling. 相似文献
55.
We proposed that metal-coordinating nucleotides could be used to control the assembly of G-quadruplexes through the formation of an artificial metal-centered quartet. Several guanine-rich DNA sequences containing 1,2,4-triazole-functionalized nucleotides were investigated. These oligonucleotides were designed to form quartets mediated by metal-triazole bonding both on the surface of and within the G-quadruplex core. In contrast to duplex studies in which 1,2,4-triazole nucleosides serve as a mimic of Watson-Crick base-pairs, our results show that these nucleosides are not suitable components of an artificial metal-centered quartet. 相似文献
56.
Jamie T. Griffin 《PLoS computational biology》2015,11(1)
The basic reproduction number (R
0) is an important quantity summarising the dynamics of an infectious disease, as it quantifies how much effort is needed to control transmission. The relative change in R
0 due to an intervention is referred to as the effect size. However malaria and other diseases are often highly seasonal and some interventions have time-varying effects, meaning that simple reproduction number formulae cannot be used. Methods have recently been developed for calculating R
0 for diseases with seasonally varying transmission. I extend those methods to calculate the effect size of repeated rounds of mass drug administration, indoor residual spraying and other interventions against Plasmodium falciparum malaria in seasonal settings in Africa. I show that if an intervention reduces transmission from one host to another by a constant factor, then its effect size is the same in a seasonal as in a non-seasonal setting. The optimal time of year for drug administration is in the low season, whereas the best time for indoor residual spraying or a vaccine which reduces infection rates is just before the high season. In general, the impact of time-varying interventions increases with increasing seasonality, if carried out at the optimal time of year. The effect of combinations of interventions that act at different stages of the transmission cycle is roughly the product of the separate effects. However for individual time-varying interventions, it is necessary to use methods such as those developed here rather than inserting the average efficacy into a simple formula. 相似文献
57.
58.
Jamie L. Schafer Moritz Ries Natasha Guha Michelle Connole Arnaud D. Colantonio Emmanuel J. Wiertz Nancy A. Wilson Amitinder Kaur David T. Evans 《PLoS pathogens》2015,11(9)
Natural killer (NK) cell responses in primates are regulated in part through interactions between two highly polymorphic molecules, the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) on NK cells and their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I ligands on target cells. We previously reported that the binding of a common MHC class I molecule in the rhesus macaque, Mamu-A1*002, to the inhibitory receptor Mamu-KIR3DL05 is stabilized by certain simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) peptides, but not by others. Here we investigated the functional implications of these interactions by testing SIV peptides bound by Mamu-A1*002 for the ability to modulate Mamu-KIR3DL05+ NK cell responses. Twenty-eight of 75 SIV peptides bound by Mamu-A1*002 suppressed the cytolytic activity of primary Mamu-KIR3DL05+ NK cells, including three immunodominant CD8+ T cell epitopes previously shown to stabilize Mamu-A1*002 tetramer binding to Mamu-KIR3DL05. Substitutions at C-terminal positions changed inhibitory peptides into disinhibitory peptides, and vice versa, without altering binding to Mamu-A1*002. The functional effects of these peptide variants on NK cell responses also corresponded to their effects on Mamu-A1*002 tetramer binding to Mamu-KIR3DL05. In assays with mixtures of inhibitory and disinhibitory peptides, low concentrations of inhibitory peptides dominated to suppress NK cell responses. Consistent with the inhibition of Mamu-KIR3DL05+ NK cells by viral epitopes presented by Mamu-A1*002, SIV replication was significantly higher in Mamu-A1*002+ CD4+ lymphocytes co-cultured with Mamu-KIR3DL05+ NK cells than with Mamu-KIR3DL05- NK cells. These results demonstrate that viral peptides can differentially affect NK cell responses by modulating MHC class I interactions with inhibitory KIRs, and provide a mechanism by which immunodeficiency viruses may evade NK cell responses. 相似文献
59.
Hirono Otomaru Taro Kamigaki Raita Tamaki Jamie Opinion Arlene Santo Edgard Daya Michiko Okamoto Mariko Saito Veronica Tallo Soccoro Lupisan Akira Suzuki Hitoshi Oshitani 《PloS one》2015,10(4)
This study aimed to determine the role of influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance conducted on Leyte Island, the Philippines, including involvement of other respiratory viruses, from 2010 to 2013. ILI surveillance was conducted from January 2010 to March 2013 with 3 sentinel sites located in Tacloban city, Palo and Tanauan of Leyte Island. ILI was defined as fever ≥38°C or feverish feeling and either cough or running nose in a patient of any age. Influenza virus and other 5 respiratory viruses were searched. A total of 5,550 ILI cases visited the 3 sites and specimens were collected from 2,031 (36.6%) cases. Among the cases sampled, 1,637 (75.6%) were children aged <5 years. 874 (43.0%) cases were positive for at least one of the respiratory viruses tested. Influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were predominantly detected (both were 25.7%) followed by human rhinovirus (HRV) (17.5%). The age distributions were significantly different between those who were positive for influenza, HRV, and RSV. ILI cases were reported throughout the year and influenza virus was co-detected with those viruses on approximately half of the weeks of study period (RSV in 60.5% and HRV 47.4%). In terms of clinical manifestations, only the rates of headache and sore throat were significantly higher in influenza positive cases than cases positive to other viruses. In conclusion, syndromic ILI surveillance in this area is difficult to detect the start of influenza epidemic without laboratory confirmation which requires huge resources. Age was an important factor that affected positive rates of influenza and other respiratory viruses. Involvement of older age children may be useful to detect influenza more effectively. 相似文献
60.
Liyan Wang Lin Ge Lu Wang Jamie P. Morano Wei Guo Kaveh Khoshnood Qianqian Qin Zhengwei Ding Dingyong Sun Xiaoyan Liu Hongbing Luo Jonas Tillman Yan Cui 《PloS one》2015,10(10)